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FOR MORMON
CRICKET, GRASS HOPPER CONTROL.
ORGANIC
FARMING (biodegradable, nontoxic, organic
insecticide).
COMMERCIAL FARMING (Potatoes, Corn,
Sugarcanes, Rice, Banana)
MOSQUITO CONTROL, LAWN & GARDEN
(nematodes, etc).
VETENARIANS (ticks, mosquitoes, etc.).
WOOD
PROTECTION (termite, etc.).
HUMAN &
ANIMAL HEALTH ( Antibacterial,
Antifungal, Antiviral)
GROUPS
(Like BLM, Wild Life Preservation, Forest
Services, Environmental, etc.)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
EFFECTIVE AGAINST -
House Cricket
Colorado Potato
Beetle Diamondback Moth
Bean
Aphids Serpentine
Leafminer Flea Beetle
German Cochroach
Migratory
Locust Desert
Locust
Northern House Mosquitoes Root
Knot Nematode Fall
Armyworm
Oriental Fruit
Fly Face
Fly
Two spotted Spider Mite
Spotted Cucumber Beetle
Brown Planthopper Webbing
Cloths Moth
Corn Earworm
Large Milkweed Bug
Confused Flour Beetle
Boll
Worms Pink
Bollworm
Cabbage Looper
EPA (U.S.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY).
NEEM OIL -
Azadirachtin
(121701) & Clarified Hydrophobic Extract
of Neem Oil (025007)
Natural cold pressed Neem Oil contains
0.003 to 0.007%
azadirachtin.
SUMMARY –
These two active ingredients are derived from
the oil found in Neem tree seeds. Humans have
used this naturally-occurring oil for centuries
for medicinal, cosmetic, and pesticidal
purposes. When used in pesticide products, both
azadirachtin and clarified hydrophobic extract
of Neem Oil can be applied to many food and
non-food crops indoors and outdoors to control
certain insects and related pests. Adverse
effects are not expected to humans, wildlife, or
the environment when products containing these
active ingredients are used according to label
directions. Labels direct users not to
contaminate water and not to apply when honey
bees are actively visiting flowers in the area.
I.
DESCRIPTION OF THE ACTIVE INGREDIENT
Active Ingredient Name:
Azadirachtin OPP Chemical Code: 121701 (CAS #
11141-17-6)
Active Ingredient Name:
Clarified Hydrophobic Extract of Neem Oil OPP
Chemical Code: 25007 (CAS # 8002-65-1)
Azadirachtin and Clarified Hydrophobic
Extract of Neem Oil are derived from the natural
oil found in seeds of the neem tree,
Azadirachta indica A.Juss, which is native
to arid regions of India. The ability of the oil
to repel pests has been known for thousands of
years; the oil also has been used on skin and
medicinally. When the natural neem oil is
removed from the seeds and treated with alcohol,
virtually all of the azadirachtin and related
substances separate from the oil itself. The
remaining oil - without the azadirachtin - is
called Clarified Hydrophobic Extract of Neem
Oil. Azadirachtin acts in the following ways:
It deters certain insects, such as locusts, from
feeding and it interferes with the normal life
cycle of insects, including feeding, molting,
mating, and egg laying.
II. USE
SITES, TARGET PESTS, AND APPLICATION METHODS
Use Sites: Food and non-food plants;
ornamentals; commercial and residential indoor
and outdoor sites.
Target pests: Both active
ingredients: Many kinds of insects,
including whiteflies and moth larvae, as well as
mites, aphids, and related organisms.
Clarified hydrophobic extract of neem oil:
Unlike azadirachtin, this active ingredient is
also active against fungal diseases such as
mildews and rusts.
Application Methods: Products normally
are sprayed on plants
III.
ASSESSING RISKS TO HUMAN HEALTH
Based on
results of toxicity tests, risks to human health
are not expected from use of these active
ingredients.
IV.
ASSESSING RISKS TO THE ENVIRONMENT
When used as
directed on product labels, neither clarified
hydrophobic extract of neem oil nor azadirachtin
are expected to harm non-target organisms. The
substances are found in the environment, where
they degrade naturally. However, product labels
direct users not to apply the products directly
to water, not to contaminate water during
cleaning or disposal activities, and not to
apply when honeybees are actively foraging.
V. FOR
FURTHER INFORMATION, CONTACT
Richard King,
Biopesticides and Pollution Prevention Division
(7511C)
Office of
Pesticide Programs, Environmental Protection
Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW
Washington, D.C. 20460, Phone: 703-308-8052 (or
308-8712), Fax: 703-308-7026, e-mail:
king.richard@epa.gov
, The EPA Biopesticides Website is: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/biopesticides
NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC (March 1983) – “HERBS” –
Page 386 to 409.
“As chemical science advanced in 20th
century laboratories, man-made synthetics were
developed from blueprints of plants. Even so it
is estimated that >50% of the millions of
prescriptions filled in USA still contains
natural products. >25% of millions of
prescriptions are solely extracted from plants.”
“Gardners who worry about side effects from
synthetic pesticides also are turning to natural
products – to pyrethrum from Chrysanthemum
Cinerariaefolium. A new and more potent
insecticide is oil from the seeds of Neem tree,
native to India and amathemus to bugs.”
PATENT REJECTED
BBC (BRITISH BROADCASTING CORPORATION), LONDON,
UK.
In early 90s, the European
Patent Office granted patents to the US
Department of Agriculture and Multinational
Agricultural Corporation (W.R. Grace of
USA).
The patent was rejected on the
basis that products derived from genetic
resources (like peanut oil, sugarcane, corn,
etc.) can not be patented. There were about 50
companies tried to get patents on Neem Products
and about 70 patents were rejected. This dropped
interest of Neem Oil by multinational mega
corporation in agricultural area.
MODE OF ACTION OF NEEM OIL PRODUCTS.
The principal active ingredient
is Azadirachtin. Other ingredients include
Deacetylazadirachtinol, Meliantriol, Vepol,
Salannin, sulfur compounds, etc. The active
ingredients act as repellants, feeding
inhibitors (antifeeders), egg-laying deterrents,
growth retardants, sterilants, direct toxins,
etc.
Azadirachtin (main ingredient in
neem oil) is a repellant to adult leafminers and
is a systemic insect growth regulator (IGR) on
larvae. An IGR is a juvenile hormone that
prevents insects from reaching maturity and
reproducing. These simultaneous effects gives
NEEM oil an edge over other expensive synthetic
pesticides which work only one way.
(1)
Antifeedant through mouth.
(a)
Primarily it inhibits the activity of
sensory receptors of mouth parts, distorts
normal probing, feeding and intake of food.
(b)
Ingestion of active ingredients through
food leads to starvation and death.
(2)
Dermal action: It enters thru the cuticle
of the insects and inhibits chitin synthesis,
thus causing desiccation and death.
(3)
Repellent Effect: Due to change in
locomotor and settling behavior of insects, in
some cases mating as well as sexual
communication is disrupted.
(4)
Growth Disruptive Effect: By inhibition
of the normal growth of the insect by
interfering in the moulting cycle. It suppresses
the activity of ecdysone so the larva does not
moult, but remains at the young stage and dies.
(5)
Effect on survival and reproduction by
oviposition deterrent action: When the female
comes to an egg laying period of its life cycle,
the egg laying is prevented.
(6)
Effect on endocrine system: Neem
preparations are accumulated in the
neurosecretory systemand, by penetrating the
blood brain barrier, are concentrated in the
corpus cardiacum, resulting in the reduced
turnover of neurosecretory proteins.
Neem products (like Neem oil,
Neem oil cake, etc.)
a.
Do not have an immediate knock-down
effect like most of the synthetic chemicals. For
quicker kill (immediate knock down) following
are alternatives.
(i) For nonorganic farming
using Neem products with traditional synthetic
chemical
type insecticides (like
Piperonyl Butoxide) a synergy (increased effect
by
multifold) is well
documented.
(ii) For organic farming
adding sesame oil or Pyrethrins (extracted from
Chrysanthemum flowers) to
(in 1 to 1 ratio) Neem oil increases the potency
several fold plus
immediate knock down effect.
b.
Effective against those insects that have
now become resistant to chemicals and doing more
damage.
c.
Effective against those pests that live
concealed and well protected in the plant parts.
Neem oil has both contact and
systemic action in plants. When it is applied to
the soil plants absorb it through their roots
and distribute (translocate) it through out the
plant (the bioinsecticides remain active within
the plant tissues for 3 weeks). When applied to
the plant foliage, it needs repeated
applications periodically (the bioinsecticides
degrade by sun within 24 hours).
RESPONSES TO AZADIRACHTIN AND PYRETHRUM BY TWO
SPECIES OF BEMISIA (HOMOPTERA: ALEYRODIDAE)
Author(s): TOSCANO NICK, YOSHIDA
HARVEY A , HENNEBERRY THOMAS J
Interpretive Summary:
The number of SLW females that alighted on control
versus azadirachtin-treated plants was not
significantly different in all but 1 instance.
When given a choice, significantly fewer SPW
females landed on azadirachtin-treated plants at
observation hours 6, 8, and 24. In no-choice
trials, numbers of SPW females alighting on
control versus azadirachtin-treated plants were
equivalent throughout the entire test period.
Moreover, although SLW oviposited equal numbers
of eggs on control and azadirachtin-treated
plants in choice and no-choice trials, SPW
females laid significantly fewer eggs on plants
treated with azadirachtin. Percentage nymphal
establishment of SLW on control versus
azadirachtin-treated plants was not
significantly different in choice and no-choice
trials. Although the percentages of established
SPW nymphs were the same on control and
azadirachtin-treated plants in the no-choice
test, a significantly lower percentage of nymphs
were found on treated plants in the choice
trials.
Contact: USDA-ARS WEST. COTTON
RES, 4135 EAST BROADWAY, PHOENIX , AZ 85040
FAX: (602)379-3524, Email:
thenneb@asrr.arsusda.gov
Approved Date: 1997-05-16
www.usda.gov
USDA = United States Department of Agriculture.
ARS = Agricultural Research Services.
type in search area – usda ars neem
Natural extracts from
seed of the neem tree are the key ingredient in
three new commercial products registered by the
Environmental Protection Agency for pest and
disease control. ARS scientists pioneered
the use of neem seed as an alternative for
chemicals. One of the findings was that neem
extracts can control pests such as whiteflies,
aphids, mealybugs and mites. Another finding was
that neem can protect several ornamental and
food crops against fungus diseases such as rusts
and powdery mildew that attack leaves. James
Locke, (301) 504-6413,
U.S. National
Arboretum, Washington, DC
93665
Ag Mag Feb 97.cx ...oil from seed
of the neem tree, Hoelmer says. In
Phoenix, meanwhile, ARS entomologist
James...contact Jim De Quattro, USDA-ARS
Information Staff...jdequatt@asrr.arsusda.gov
x In ARS studies at...led by James Locke,
neem seed oil killed whiteflies...
In ARS studies at
Beltsville led by James Locke, neem seed oil
killed whiteflies and other pests. The oil also
protects plants against some fungal diseases,
including powdery mildew and black spot, says
Locke. He is in the
Floral and
Nursery Plants Research Unit of the
U.S. National Arboretum.
"All these developments are
encouraging, and we may have turned the corner
on this pest," says national program leader
Faust. "But we are far from finished. We need to
strengthen our collaboration with growers and
industry so more scientific knowledge and
effective strategies can be put in place."--By
Jim De Quattro, Dennis Senft, and
Marcia Wood, ARS Information Staff. Jim De
Quattro is in Greenbelt, Maryland, phone
301-344-2756, fax (301) 344-2311,
Management of safflower
aphid (Uroleucon compositae Theobald)
through botanical insecticides
G.S.Bharaj and A.R.Sawant
Abstract
Safflower aphid is a
serious pest of safflower in Madhya Pradesh,
particularly of late sown crops, causing serious
damage to the crop during January-February every
year. Chemical insecticides are very effective
against aphid but since insecticides cause
serious environmental pollution bio-products in
different forms and concentrations for aphid
control are considered beneficial.
In the present study 4
bio-products of neem (Azadirachta indica) neem
seed kernel extract (NSKE) 5%, neem oil 1%, neem
cake 5%, and neem ark (commercial formulation)
were compared against dimethoate 0.05% in
regards to their efficacy in controlling
safflower aphid. These treatments were studied
for a 3-year period from 1996 to 1998 using a
randomized block design with 3 replications and
safflower variety JSF-1.
The lowest aphid population
was observed in treatment with Dimethoate 0.05%
(28 aphids) followed by neem oil 1% (72 aphids)
and neem ark (97 aphids). No significant
differences among these treatments in regards to
average aphid number were found, but the
treatments significantly declined aphid number
compared to the control (346 aphids). This
indicates that even phyto (botanical)
insecticides could control aphid though not as
efficiently as chemical insecticides.
United States Department of Agriculture
Agricultural Research Service
SPRAY NEEM (AZADIRACHTA
INDICA A. JUSS.) OIL TO DETER THE OVIPOSITION BY
HELICOVERPA SPP. IN COTTON
Author(s): DELING MA ,GORDH
GORDON, ZALUCKI MYRON P
Interpretive Summary:
Cotton bollworm is an important pest of cotton in many
areas. A potential strategy for control of this
pest involves preventing female bollworms from
laying eggs on plants. We applied
environmentally friendly compounds to cotton
plants in order to determine whether the
compounds would prevent egg laying by moths. We
tested an oil extract of the neem tree and a
commercially available product (Envirofeast)
against bollworm grown at Dalby, Australia.
Experiments showed that neem oil was more
effective than controls at reducing egg numbers
of bollworms in cotton.
Contact: USDA-ARS-KDLG-SARC,
2413 EAST HIGHWAY 83, BLD WESLACO , TX 78596
FAX: (956)447-6345, Approved Date:
2000-11-07 ,  Updated:
2001-01-24
TOXICITY OF BIORATIONAL PESTICIDES AND CHEMICALS
TO HELICOVERPA SPP. (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) AND
PREDATORS IN COTTON FIELD
Author(s): MA DELING , GORDH
GORDON , ZALUCKI M P
Interpretive Summary:
We tested the effectiveness of biopesticides and
chemicals applied to cotton during its
reproductive phase against the bollworms
Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) and H. puntigera
Wallengren, as well as predators at Dalby,
Queensland, Australia. We tested the neem-seed
extract, azadirachtin, at rates of 30g, 60g and
90g per hectare. We found moderate
rate-dependent control was obtained in plots
treated with azadirachtin. Other plots were
treated with Talstar EC (bifenthrin).
Applications of bifenthrin achieved the best
results, followed by treatment with chemicals (methomyl,
bifenthrin, thiodicarb and endosulfan)
alternated with biological insecticides (neem
oil, Azadirachtin and Bacillus thuringiensis
kurstaki var. berliner). Predators (lady
beetles, lacewings, spiders and bugs) were not
sensitive to Azadirachtin or Bt applications. In
contrast chemicals were very destructive of
predators. All treatments provided some
protection from both species of bollworms. The
effect of azadirachtin on bollworms was shown in
a higher yield of seed cotton harvested from
azadirachtin-treated plots compared with the
control.
Contact: USDA-ARS-KDLG-SARC , 2413 EAST
HIGHWAY 83, BLD WESLACO , TX 78596
FAX: (956)447-9345 Approved Date:
2000-12-21
USDA / ARS (AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICES).
NEEM OIL PROTECTS
FLOWERING PLANTS AGAINST DISEASES.
The neem oil is the first
botanical product to exhibit fungicidal
properties and potential to use as an
alternative to Chemical Fungicides. On
ornamentals, the Neem oil protects against
diseases like powdery mildew and rust that
discolor leaves. 1% Neem Oil solution gave 95 to
100% protection to hydrangeas, lilac and phlox
against powdery mildew in numerous field tests.
Neem oil contains Azadirachtin which has
insecticidal effect but no fungicidal activity.
Other complex chemicals present in Neem Oil has
fungicidal activity.
Contact: Researcher – James
C. Locke, Plant Pathologist / Floral and Nursery
Plant Research Unit
U.S. NATIONAL ARBORETUM
ORGANIC STANDARDS INTERNATIONAL
PLANT PROTECTION PRODUCTS:
Azadirachtin in neem oil and neem extract is an
insecticide – to be used on mother plants/parent
plants and ornamental plants.
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
STATEWIDE INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM.
http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/QT/lawninsectscard.html
If a damaging level of insects is confirmed,
do the following:
AZADIRACHTIN (present in
NEEM OIL – Natural, Biodegradable, Non-toxic to
humans, Organic) controls cutworms, armyworms
and larvae of lawn moths.
STATE OF IOWA
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION
EXTENSION COMMUNICATIONS, 3614 ADMINISTRATIVE
SERVICES BUILDING
DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY
AMES, IOWA 50011-3614 (P) 515-294-9915
http://www.extension.iastate.edu/newsrel/2000/aug00/aug0007.html
PESTICIDES FROM NATURE:
NEEM is made from seeds of
the neem tree. The active ingredient is
AZADIRACHTIN. It has a garlic like odor and is
relatively nontoxic. Neem stops insect feeding
and interferes with shedding of their skin.
STATE OF
CONNECTICUT
UNIVERSITY OF
CONNECTICUT
INTEGRATED
PEST
MANAGEMENT
http://wwww.hort.uconn.edu
Azadirachtin in Neem Oil can act
as a feeding deterent against a number of insect
pests including beetles. It reduces the level of
the insect hormone ecdysome disrupting the
insect’s molting process so that the immature
laevae can not develop into adults. Due to it’s
IGR properties, it is most effective against
immature stages of insects. Adults are not
killed by the growth regulating properties of
Azadirachtin but mating and sexual communication
is disrupted which results in reduced fecundity.
Neem oil prevents the germination and
penetration of some fungal spores.
More than 60 insect pests may be
affected by Azadirachtin including aphids,
beetles, caterpillars, lace bugs, leafhoppers,
leafminers, mealybugs, psyllids, thrips and
whiteflies.
STATE OF HAWAII
UNIVERSITY OF
HAWAII
Approved Organic Control
Neem: In research tests, Neem
treated soil was found to be toxic to oriental
fruit flies and medflies. This suggests
potential for soil treatment to inhibit fruit
fly larvae development in fields. The National
Organic Standards Board has approved use of Neem
in certified fields.
STATE OF COLORADO
COLORADO STATE
UNIVERSITY
COLORADO ORGANIC
CERTIFICATION ACT (COCA)
Friendly Pesticides
for Home Gardens
Neem
Oil is a botanical pesticide derived from the
seeds of the Neem Tree in India. It contains two
main compounds called Azadirachtin and Salannin,
that have insecticidal activity, and other
compounds with fungicidal activity.
Neem Oil controls Gypsy moths, Leafminers, sweet
PotatoWhiteflies, Mealybugs, Catepillars,
Loopers, etc.
Neem Oil is used on ornamentals, foliage plants, trees,
scrubs and food crops. Neem Oil works as insect
growth regulator – treated insect can not molt
to it’s next stage and dies, deter egg laying,
apitite loss, etc.
AUSTRALIA
NATIONAL STANDARD FOR
ORGANIC AND BIO-DYNAMIC PRODUCE:
PERMITTED MATERIALS FOR PLANT PESTS AND
DISEASE CONTROL
Neem Oil and Neem extracts.
PERMITTED MATERIALS FOR ANIMAL PESTS AND DISEASE
CONTROL:
Neem Oil and Neem Extracts.
AUSTRALIA
UNIVERSITY OF
QUEENSLAND /
GATTON
COLLEGE /
SCHOOL OF
LAND & FOOD
http://www.newcrops.uq.edu
Dr. Rob Fletcher
Azadirachtin does not kill pests
but it breaks life cycles and deters feeding,
hatching, ecdysis (moulting), etc. The most
efficient use of Neem Oil for pest control has
been found to be against chewing and sucking
insects. No other insecticidal products have the
rapidity of systematic activity of Azadirachtin
(Neem Oil). The relative toxicity of Neem Oil to
non-targeted organisms is low.
Six Insect
Pest Control – Six insect pest were listed as
controllable at differing rate and
concentrations of Azadirachtin. Among the
tropical pest species were locusts, three
lapidopterous pests of cotton, one type of bug
and two aphid species of cotton and corn.
Field experients in
Northern New South Wales (Australia) indicates
Neem Oil is very effective against wood-borer
AgrianomeSpinicollis.
New Zealand’s
DSIR has reported good control of wood-carpet
moth species. Research also reveals that when
Neem Oil used to coat wood, it is capable of
termite (Micracerotemes turneri) feeding.
Research at the University of
Auckland (Dr. G. Grandison) has confirmed Indian
and European findings that Neem Oil Cake has
high efficacy against pathogenic crop nematodes
(in rice farming), especially
Meloidogynejavancia, Meloidogyne spp and
Pratylenchus spp.
Neem Oil have also been tested
in animal applications against fleas (Ctenocephalides
felis), human applications against headlice
(pedicularis humanis capitas) and
minimize ticks and lice level in livestock. It
is effective in controlling and preventing tick
attack on cattle and horses, as well as giving
relief from fly attack to the head and rear of
cattle and sheep respectively.
GERMAN RESEARCH
The Neem Tree – Azadirachta Indica A. Juss. And
other malicious plants for integrated pest
management., medicine, industry and other
purposes. By Schmutterer, Heinrich, Ascher K.R.S.
At University of Utah SB-317, N43, N44, 1995
PESTS & INSECTS SUSCEPTIBILITY TO NEEM PRODUCTS
-
The list is very extensive and technical.
Please see Table 3.9.3.2 Page 331 thru 351)
Number of species tested
– Blattodea (6), Dermaptera (1), Caelifera (21),
Ensifera (3), Phasmida (1), Isoptera (6),
Thysanoptera (13), Phthiraptera (4), Heteroptera
(32), Homoptera (50), Hymenoptera (8),
coleoptera (79), Lepidoptera (136), Diptera
(49), Siphonaptera (4).
TOXICITY TO VERTEBRATES –
No adverse effects found on fish, birds, pigs,
rabbits, dogs, sheep, goat, cattle, buffaloes,
humans.
CAUTION
– There is no adverse effects on bees. However,
bees are attracted to flowers for their
fragrance and nector. Neem products are
offensive in odor chasing bees away which
affects pollination negatively and thereby the
yield. So the neem products should not be
applied (weeks before) during pollination and
flowering periods.
WORLDWIDE ACTIVITY ON NEEM:
Hawaii state senate passed resolution supporting
research and development of this vital tree.
East-West center in Honolulu, Hawaii planted
several trees. Because the tree is a tropical
species it is difficult to
grow in USA except Florida, Arizona, Texas,
Hawaii etc. More than 70,000 Neem Trees have
been planted in Florida, Puerto Rico and Mexico.
Australian government spent millions of dollars
to plant Neem trees (seedlings from India) on
thousands of acres to meet the domestic demand
15 to 20 years from now.. A century or two ago
Indian immigrants introduced Neem Trees in
Caribbean Nations. The tree is now grown in
Suriname, Guyana, Trinidad, Tobago, Barbados,
Jamaica, etc. on a large scale. Haiti planted
200,000 Neem Trees (thru USAID program). A
century or two ago British and Indian Immigrants
took NEEM TREE to Africa.
The World Bank has Board of Science and
Technology for International Development which
has special division for NEEM TREE. Germany is
most leading country for research on Neem Tree
products (for medicinal and agricultural use).
There is tremendous research going on in India,
Germany and USA.
Azitin, Turplex, Align, Margosan, BioNeem,
Benefit, etc. are the trade names of Neem based
products available in United State’s market.
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